here i have a writing relates to linguistic field, it is written to fulfill the assignment of Historical Linguistic course at Indonesia university of education
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
Human being is equipped by so many faculties to facilitate them in doing activity in this world. One of the faculties that has vital role in human life is that their ability to communicate. In communication, human cannot be separated with language; the tool of what make communication itself exists. Human recognizes language as their way to share and interpret their intention and knowledge to other people. They generate words in their mind and uttered through the sound as the sign of their intended goal or object. This is to make a sense and at least people they communicate have the same comprehension to meaning of words that have been said.
In the progress, one language can influence each other. It can be caused by migration, colonization, political suppression or even marriage. And that’s why there appears the process of borrowing, compounding, blending, reduplication, etc of the words. Sometimes, we often find such words familiar to other languages. In Indonesian language itself there are many words that are formed by those of derivational morphology, indeed Indonesian language is known as a language formed by a derivation of many language; mostly Malayan language, some other words derived from Sundanese, Javanese and even from other countries such English and Arabic. And in many cases, we found that the derived words are conducted differently as phonemically and phonetically.
This phenomenon attracts us to find out how the words operate in Indonesian language, how Indonesian pronounces and spells it and what come up to that phenomenon. To make it detail, we would like to discuss about some borrowing words coming from Arabic and their usage in daily conversation especially in terms of utterance of the words. The words are that which have phonemes /kh/, /sh/ and /gh/
1.2 Collections of data
In the following table below, it is proposed a data collection of the borrowing words coming from Arabic:
No /kh/ /sh/ /gh/
1 Khalik - Shalat - Maghrib
2 Khatam - Shalawat - Ghaib
3 Khazanah - Mushalla - Baligh
4 Khotib - Tashawwuf
5 Khitan - Syekh
6 Khalifah
7 Akhmad
8 Ikhtiar
9 Ikhlas
10 Khas
11 Khusus
12 Khidmat
13 Khianat
14 Akhlak
15 Akhirat
16 Akhir
Table 1. Data Sources
Chapter II
Methodology of Analysis
2.1 Theoretical Framework
The notion of borrowing deals with a process in which one language takes new words coming from other language. This term of the word doesn’t characterize that a language borrow words or another language lends it like the banks and loan. Regarding to this, Shakespeare stated that languages pay no heed; it can be loose interpretation if we define borrowing in such interpretation above. He is better to define it as the notion for languages take words from one another with no commitment or obligation to repay them.
In Indonesian language, there are several words that have been borrowed from other language; such coming from English, and Arabic. And in this research we would focus to Arabic borrowing words. The words we focus are they which have phonemes /kh/, /sh/ and /gh/ in the words. The data sources we collect are coming from the Indonesian dictionary (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia), internet source and Koran in which the words are not extraordinary words in our ear.
In relation to sound change, Crowley as cited in Hadi (2003) states that there are three genres of sound change; they are (a) phonetically change without phonemically change, (b) phonetically change with phonemically change and (c) phonemically change without phonetically change. Besides, Crowley also states some types of sound change. Regarding to this study we would propose the term of cluster reduction. It is one type of sound change that typically appears when consonants come together in a word without any vowels between them. Such clusters are reduced by deleting one (or more) of the consonant (Crowley: 1997)
2.2 Methodology
Since our study includes two languages, we conduct the translational method in this phenomenon in which we observe the phonemes and phonetics as the important elements on the borrowing words, that’s why the use of dictionary is so important. Furthermore, after we collect the data and result we compare it. Through the data, we find that the sound change occurs in the words is conditioned sound changes.
Chapter III
Finding and Discussion
3.1 Finding and Result
After doing the observation, we come up to the finding and it can be seen in the following tables below:
a. The phonemes /kh/
No Words Pronounced Meaning
1 Khalik /Halik/ or /Holik/ The creator
2 Khatam /Hatam/ Final, last
3 Khazanah /Hazanah/ Treasury
4 Khotib /Hotib/ or /Hatib/ preacher at the mosque
5 Khitan /Hitan/ Circumcision
6 Khalifah /Halifah/ or /Holifah/ Caliph
7 Akhmad /Ahmad/ Another name of prophet Mohammad or name given for Indonesian Muslim
8 Ikhtiar /Ihtiar/ initiative
9 Ikhlas /Ihlas/ Sincere
10 Khas /Has/ Special, typical
11 Khusus /Husus/ Particular
12 Khidmat /Hidmat/ Respect, humility
13 Khianat /Hianat/ Betrayal
14 Akhlak /Ahlak/ Character, morals
15 Akhirat /Ahirat/ The hereafter
16 Akhir /Ahir/ The final, last
Table 2. the finding of phonemes /kh/
b. The phonemes /sh/
No Words Pronounced meaning
1 Shalat /Salat/ or /Solat/ Prayers for Muslim society
2 shalawat /Salawat/ or /Solawat/ Ritual prayers
3 Mushalla /Musola/ Little place for prayer
4 Tashawwuf /Tasawuf/ Particular belief in muslim religion
5 Syekh /Syeh/ Title of a Islam scholar
Table 3. The finding of phonemes /sh/
c. The phonemes /gh/
No Words Pronounced Meaning
1 Maghrib /Magrib/ or /Mahrib/ Sunset prayer
2 Ghaib /Gaib/ or /Goib/ Mysterious
3 Baligh /Balig/ Be of age, mature
Table 4. the finding of phonemes /gh/
3.2 Discussion
At first, before we go up to the discussion section I would tell the phenomenon appeared on the collected words. That is from the 24 words, 19 functions as noun while the rest are adjectives. This is empowering the claim that Indonesian words taken from others are mostly in forms of noun.
Next, we move on to discussion section. After looking out to our observation result, we can draw a conclusion and mapping a pattern of that phonemic change. The conclusion relates to the three phonemes is as follow:
• The loss of phoneme /k/ in the consonant cluster of /kh/
• The loss of phoneme /h/ in the consonant cluster of /sh/
• The loss of phoneme /h/ in the consonant cluster of /gh/but also it has the loss of phoneme /g/ as in the finding data number 1 on table 4.
In addition, we can map pattern of the three phenomena:
a. The result of /kh/ merger is represented as:
K
K
H
b. The result of /sh/ merger is represented as:
S
S
H
c. The result of this merger is represented as:
G
G or H
H
Besides the finding above, we have found another phenomenon which is not met to include in Crowley’ sound change. Let see the case of sound change of phoneme /a/ becomes phoneme /o/ in the words ghaib, shalat, shalawat, khatib, khalik, khalifah and mushalla. It is not apposite if we include it to the term of lenition, because lenition is weakening. In contrast, this phenomenon is strengthening or raising a vowel.
Chapter IV
Conclusion
In conclusion, we find the process of sound change proposed by Crowley, which is cluster reduction in form of reduction of /gh/ becomes /g/, /sh/ becomes /s/ and /kh/ becomes /h/. However, we also find a new phenomenon that cannot be classified into the usual type of sound change. We still do not find the correct type of sound change of the observed phenomenon; that is the strengthening of vowel in the borrowing words of Arabic such in the discussion chapter.
This new phenomenon is very interesting for us and mostly to other student in English department for having a deeper analysis. Expectantly, the analysis is going to gratified and persuadable.
Reference
Crowley, Terry (1997). (Third edition) An introduction to historical linguistics. Oxford university press: New York
Hadi, syamsul (2003). Perubahan Fonologis Kata-Kata Serapan Dari Bahasa Arab Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Humaniora volume XV
M. Echols, John and Shadily, Hassan (1989). Kamus Indonesia inggris. PT Gramedia: Jakarta
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
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