here i have a writing relates to linguistic field, it is written to fulfill the assignment of Historical Linguistic course at Indonesia university of education
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
Human being is equipped by so many faculties to facilitate them in doing activity in this world. One of the faculties that has vital role in human life is that their ability to communicate. In communication, human cannot be separated with language; the tool of what make communication itself exists. Human recognizes language as their way to share and interpret their intention and knowledge to other people. They generate words in their mind and uttered through the sound as the sign of their intended goal or object. This is to make a sense and at least people they communicate have the same comprehension to meaning of words that have been said.
In the progress, one language can influence each other. It can be caused by migration, colonization, political suppression or even marriage. And that’s why there appears the process of borrowing, compounding, blending, reduplication, etc of the words. Sometimes, we often find such words familiar to other languages. In Indonesian language itself there are many words that are formed by those of derivational morphology, indeed Indonesian language is known as a language formed by a derivation of many language; mostly Malayan language, some other words derived from Sundanese, Javanese and even from other countries such English and Arabic. And in many cases, we found that the derived words are conducted differently as phonemically and phonetically.
This phenomenon attracts us to find out how the words operate in Indonesian language, how Indonesian pronounces and spells it and what come up to that phenomenon. To make it detail, we would like to discuss about some borrowing words coming from Arabic and their usage in daily conversation especially in terms of utterance of the words. The words are that which have phonemes /kh/, /sh/ and /gh/
1.2 Collections of data
In the following table below, it is proposed a data collection of the borrowing words coming from Arabic:
No /kh/ /sh/ /gh/
1 Khalik - Shalat - Maghrib
2 Khatam - Shalawat - Ghaib
3 Khazanah - Mushalla - Baligh
4 Khotib - Tashawwuf
5 Khitan - Syekh
6 Khalifah
7 Akhmad
8 Ikhtiar
9 Ikhlas
10 Khas
11 Khusus
12 Khidmat
13 Khianat
14 Akhlak
15 Akhirat
16 Akhir
Table 1. Data Sources
Chapter II
Methodology of Analysis
2.1 Theoretical Framework
The notion of borrowing deals with a process in which one language takes new words coming from other language. This term of the word doesn’t characterize that a language borrow words or another language lends it like the banks and loan. Regarding to this, Shakespeare stated that languages pay no heed; it can be loose interpretation if we define borrowing in such interpretation above. He is better to define it as the notion for languages take words from one another with no commitment or obligation to repay them.
In Indonesian language, there are several words that have been borrowed from other language; such coming from English, and Arabic. And in this research we would focus to Arabic borrowing words. The words we focus are they which have phonemes /kh/, /sh/ and /gh/ in the words. The data sources we collect are coming from the Indonesian dictionary (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia), internet source and Koran in which the words are not extraordinary words in our ear.
In relation to sound change, Crowley as cited in Hadi (2003) states that there are three genres of sound change; they are (a) phonetically change without phonemically change, (b) phonetically change with phonemically change and (c) phonemically change without phonetically change. Besides, Crowley also states some types of sound change. Regarding to this study we would propose the term of cluster reduction. It is one type of sound change that typically appears when consonants come together in a word without any vowels between them. Such clusters are reduced by deleting one (or more) of the consonant (Crowley: 1997)
2.2 Methodology
Since our study includes two languages, we conduct the translational method in this phenomenon in which we observe the phonemes and phonetics as the important elements on the borrowing words, that’s why the use of dictionary is so important. Furthermore, after we collect the data and result we compare it. Through the data, we find that the sound change occurs in the words is conditioned sound changes.
Chapter III
Finding and Discussion
3.1 Finding and Result
After doing the observation, we come up to the finding and it can be seen in the following tables below:
a. The phonemes /kh/
No Words Pronounced Meaning
1 Khalik /Halik/ or /Holik/ The creator
2 Khatam /Hatam/ Final, last
3 Khazanah /Hazanah/ Treasury
4 Khotib /Hotib/ or /Hatib/ preacher at the mosque
5 Khitan /Hitan/ Circumcision
6 Khalifah /Halifah/ or /Holifah/ Caliph
7 Akhmad /Ahmad/ Another name of prophet Mohammad or name given for Indonesian Muslim
8 Ikhtiar /Ihtiar/ initiative
9 Ikhlas /Ihlas/ Sincere
10 Khas /Has/ Special, typical
11 Khusus /Husus/ Particular
12 Khidmat /Hidmat/ Respect, humility
13 Khianat /Hianat/ Betrayal
14 Akhlak /Ahlak/ Character, morals
15 Akhirat /Ahirat/ The hereafter
16 Akhir /Ahir/ The final, last
Table 2. the finding of phonemes /kh/
b. The phonemes /sh/
No Words Pronounced meaning
1 Shalat /Salat/ or /Solat/ Prayers for Muslim society
2 shalawat /Salawat/ or /Solawat/ Ritual prayers
3 Mushalla /Musola/ Little place for prayer
4 Tashawwuf /Tasawuf/ Particular belief in muslim religion
5 Syekh /Syeh/ Title of a Islam scholar
Table 3. The finding of phonemes /sh/
c. The phonemes /gh/
No Words Pronounced Meaning
1 Maghrib /Magrib/ or /Mahrib/ Sunset prayer
2 Ghaib /Gaib/ or /Goib/ Mysterious
3 Baligh /Balig/ Be of age, mature
Table 4. the finding of phonemes /gh/
3.2 Discussion
At first, before we go up to the discussion section I would tell the phenomenon appeared on the collected words. That is from the 24 words, 19 functions as noun while the rest are adjectives. This is empowering the claim that Indonesian words taken from others are mostly in forms of noun.
Next, we move on to discussion section. After looking out to our observation result, we can draw a conclusion and mapping a pattern of that phonemic change. The conclusion relates to the three phonemes is as follow:
• The loss of phoneme /k/ in the consonant cluster of /kh/
• The loss of phoneme /h/ in the consonant cluster of /sh/
• The loss of phoneme /h/ in the consonant cluster of /gh/but also it has the loss of phoneme /g/ as in the finding data number 1 on table 4.
In addition, we can map pattern of the three phenomena:
a. The result of /kh/ merger is represented as:
K
K
H
b. The result of /sh/ merger is represented as:
S
S
H
c. The result of this merger is represented as:
G
G or H
H
Besides the finding above, we have found another phenomenon which is not met to include in Crowley’ sound change. Let see the case of sound change of phoneme /a/ becomes phoneme /o/ in the words ghaib, shalat, shalawat, khatib, khalik, khalifah and mushalla. It is not apposite if we include it to the term of lenition, because lenition is weakening. In contrast, this phenomenon is strengthening or raising a vowel.
Chapter IV
Conclusion
In conclusion, we find the process of sound change proposed by Crowley, which is cluster reduction in form of reduction of /gh/ becomes /g/, /sh/ becomes /s/ and /kh/ becomes /h/. However, we also find a new phenomenon that cannot be classified into the usual type of sound change. We still do not find the correct type of sound change of the observed phenomenon; that is the strengthening of vowel in the borrowing words of Arabic such in the discussion chapter.
This new phenomenon is very interesting for us and mostly to other student in English department for having a deeper analysis. Expectantly, the analysis is going to gratified and persuadable.
Reference
Crowley, Terry (1997). (Third edition) An introduction to historical linguistics. Oxford university press: New York
Hadi, syamsul (2003). Perubahan Fonologis Kata-Kata Serapan Dari Bahasa Arab Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Humaniora volume XV
M. Echols, John and Shadily, Hassan (1989). Kamus Indonesia inggris. PT Gramedia: Jakarta
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
Sabtu, 06 Februari 2010
dorothy parker - commentary for her thoughtful laughter essay
Dorothy parker’s writing of “Here We Are” play begins with introducing the main characters, the unnamed characters of “he” and “she”. Tough it is unnamed, I could distinctively see that the character of “he” refers to the groom while “she” refers to the bride. They are traveling to New York City on train as the new husband/wife spouse that is having their honeymoon at a posh hotel. They are couple who has been married for exactly two hours and twenty-six minutes.
The play is a kind of comedy in which through the proposed conversation we can thoughtfully be refreshed by humor in it. But how this is showed in the play and its role to construct the meaning? To begin, I should tell that Parker’s main narrative device is conversation between characters. It often occupies perhaps ninety percent or more of the story (www.cosmoetica.com). It is as same as in the “Here We Are” play where it is almost a hundred percentage of conversation. Thus, we cannot find any issue of a play except from the conversation itself.
The first thing I have to deal here is about the character of the play. What I think about the newlyweds is that they are innocent and immature. The way they converse clearly describes their characters. At the route for their honeymoon, they seemingly have nothing to say. To break the ice, the groom nervously tries to initially start the conversation topic which results in discussion. But then they are trapped in a clumsy conversation which brings them to quarrel.
Another thing I have to deal is theme; it is all about the marriage and young love (www.heniford.net). It has been stated that their marriage is about in three hours. Not surprisingly if the bride may feel worried to the groom of being jealous and of thinking that he does not love to her family. Therefore, it is due to their immaturity and not-readiness to marriage, it brings to a dispute.
From those explanations above, I try to disentangle how this thoughtfully play becomes laughter. That the issue of marriage is the general issue to all people and it seems very common but when this simple issue is packaged attractively to construct the social reality is an extraordinary. Marriage is a relationship to unite two people with different perspective. Here in the play, we can see obviously the difference of both the groom and the bride. The former one feels that it is the time to enjoy the honeymoon but another seems unable yet to leave of her previous life.
However, because of their immaturity they didn’t find any deal of conversation. Every time the groom proposes a question, the bride replies in unwanted answer. In contrast, the groom always responds it in a wrong way. The conversation therefore widens to other topics that eventually make it becomes upside down and this lead to miscommunication between them. For instance, in the play we can see the failure of how the groom appreciates his wife’s veil and hat that makes the wife upset. Or another case in which the groom comments to how beautiful the bridesmaids Louise indeed he shows dislike to his bride’s sister Ellie. It makes the wife jealous; accusing her husband to love Louise. He cannot receive it and they thus accuse each other instead of having reconciliation.
This is a kind of reality that all people who are especially in relationship must have experienced it well. Sometimes, when we try to make a good thing our couple is not supposedly in a position to appreciate that. And whenever it apparently comes, conflict cannot be avoided even unfortunately it will branch off to other problems that cannot be overcome just like what have been showed in the play. This reality is what in my opinion which makes laughter.
Finally, this laughter is very contributive to the meaning construction of the text. Through their immature and innocent which place me as innocent too, I see how different male and female to view the world, male tends to ruin all the previous things and let embrace the future (in this case to enjoy the honeymoon) no matter what will happen but female differently is afraid to what will happen later. Other meaning of the text I can find is that male and female are different in the way they consider the things. Male tends to be honest to the reality although other people hate (for instance to appreciate the damned hat), but female want to have much attention to male. They are very sensitive person but lover, in contrast to male which tends to be tempered. These two differences are the most common differences I can see obviously in our daily life, whenever the differences come and resist each other there will be avoidable conflict such what has been showed in the play.
Reference
www.heniford.net/4321/index.php?
www.cosmoetica.com/B390-DES328.htm
www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/parker/bio.htm
The play is a kind of comedy in which through the proposed conversation we can thoughtfully be refreshed by humor in it. But how this is showed in the play and its role to construct the meaning? To begin, I should tell that Parker’s main narrative device is conversation between characters. It often occupies perhaps ninety percent or more of the story (www.cosmoetica.com). It is as same as in the “Here We Are” play where it is almost a hundred percentage of conversation. Thus, we cannot find any issue of a play except from the conversation itself.
The first thing I have to deal here is about the character of the play. What I think about the newlyweds is that they are innocent and immature. The way they converse clearly describes their characters. At the route for their honeymoon, they seemingly have nothing to say. To break the ice, the groom nervously tries to initially start the conversation topic which results in discussion. But then they are trapped in a clumsy conversation which brings them to quarrel.
Another thing I have to deal is theme; it is all about the marriage and young love (www.heniford.net). It has been stated that their marriage is about in three hours. Not surprisingly if the bride may feel worried to the groom of being jealous and of thinking that he does not love to her family. Therefore, it is due to their immaturity and not-readiness to marriage, it brings to a dispute.
From those explanations above, I try to disentangle how this thoughtfully play becomes laughter. That the issue of marriage is the general issue to all people and it seems very common but when this simple issue is packaged attractively to construct the social reality is an extraordinary. Marriage is a relationship to unite two people with different perspective. Here in the play, we can see obviously the difference of both the groom and the bride. The former one feels that it is the time to enjoy the honeymoon but another seems unable yet to leave of her previous life.
However, because of their immaturity they didn’t find any deal of conversation. Every time the groom proposes a question, the bride replies in unwanted answer. In contrast, the groom always responds it in a wrong way. The conversation therefore widens to other topics that eventually make it becomes upside down and this lead to miscommunication between them. For instance, in the play we can see the failure of how the groom appreciates his wife’s veil and hat that makes the wife upset. Or another case in which the groom comments to how beautiful the bridesmaids Louise indeed he shows dislike to his bride’s sister Ellie. It makes the wife jealous; accusing her husband to love Louise. He cannot receive it and they thus accuse each other instead of having reconciliation.
This is a kind of reality that all people who are especially in relationship must have experienced it well. Sometimes, when we try to make a good thing our couple is not supposedly in a position to appreciate that. And whenever it apparently comes, conflict cannot be avoided even unfortunately it will branch off to other problems that cannot be overcome just like what have been showed in the play. This reality is what in my opinion which makes laughter.
Finally, this laughter is very contributive to the meaning construction of the text. Through their immature and innocent which place me as innocent too, I see how different male and female to view the world, male tends to ruin all the previous things and let embrace the future (in this case to enjoy the honeymoon) no matter what will happen but female differently is afraid to what will happen later. Other meaning of the text I can find is that male and female are different in the way they consider the things. Male tends to be honest to the reality although other people hate (for instance to appreciate the damned hat), but female want to have much attention to male. They are very sensitive person but lover, in contrast to male which tends to be tempered. These two differences are the most common differences I can see obviously in our daily life, whenever the differences come and resist each other there will be avoidable conflict such what has been showed in the play.
Reference
www.heniford.net/4321/index.php?
www.cosmoetica.com/B390-DES328.htm
www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/parker/bio.htm
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